<h2>Introduction to the course.</h2><p>The general-purpose, high-level programming language Python introduces a world of readable code, simplicity, and efficiency.</p><p>Python is a gateway to AI and Machine Learning, Data visualization and analysis, and of course, application programming.</p><h2>Who is the course for?</h2><p>If you&#x27;re wondering who uses Python, then you will be surprised to know that NASA, Netflix, Google and so many more use the data-based language. Not to mention, Python developers are in demand worldwide.</p><p>And if the main quality that you&#x27;re looking for in your ideal programming language is rapid development, then you&#x27;re where you need to be.</p>

Python

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>In order for developers to work with files and directories, they&#x27;ll need to take advantage of the core/built-in methods that Python offers.</p><p>The focus of this lesson are files, specifically: opening files, reading files, and closing files in Python (after defining the terminology).</p><p>We&#x27;ll be walking through all the functions that Python offers for completing the above-mentioned actions with files.</p>

Files

Introduction

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>Functions are heavily used in a myriad of programming languages, including Pyrhon. Of course, Python has its specific way of dealing with functions and has its unique logic that is associated with their usage (implementation in code).</p><p>In this lesson, we&#x27;ll be definingf functions in Python and creating our very first function.</p>

Basics

<h2>What does this le</h2><p>Developers will eventually need to implement conditional branches in your code. Python provides if statements for that. Our focus as of now will be directed at the if statement for conditional branches.</p><p>if statements additionally provide a set of statements known as the else clause which we will refer to in-depth with its syntax and structure. </p><p>Other than if...else, we&#x27;ll talk about if...elif...else statements.</p>

If Statements

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>Lists in Python come in the simplest of forms: a list of comma-separated values between square brackets.</p><p>This lesson aims at defining lists, how tp create them in Python which requires specific structural and syntax learning paired with getting the size of the list.</p>

Lists

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>Variables are like containers that hold data in the memory...</p><p>This lesson expands on that very abstract definition, however, if Python is not your first programming language, then you&#x27;ve most likely encountered the concept of variables before.</p><p>We&#x27;ll be specifying the syntax of Python variables, their usage and how they behave in code with real code examples.</p>

Variables

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>This section serves as a simple overview of Python, just to let future Python developers dip their toes into the Python Pool.</p><p>Aside from an introductory lesson, we compare and contrast Python 2 and Python 3.</p>

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>The focus of this lesson is Python directories. A directory or folder is a collection of files and subdirectories. </p><p>In this lesson, we&#x27;ll be defining the keyword Current Directory and then moving on to specific methods that are meant to Change the Current Directory, Create a New Directory, Rename, and Remove.</p>

Directories

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>This lesson defines classes as a blueprint or a set of instructions to build a specific type of object.</p><p>We&#x27;ll be diving into the definition further and identifying objects, how to declare classes, how to add properties and methods, property accessibility, and constructors.</p>

Classes

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>Now that we know how to create Python functions we&#x27;ll be getting into the input the functions take on.</p><p>The said input is called parameters and every function can potentially take them on. This lesson expands on the syntax of function parameters, the differences between parameters and arguments, and most importantly, their implementation in code (with code examples from standard Python code).</p><p>The concept of Default Values will additionally be exapnded upn as well.</p>

Arguments

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>This lesson will describe the repetitive processes that we will encounter multiple times in Python: Loops.</p><p>This lesson expands on all the different types of loops developers will encounter and work with in Python: For-in Loops and For-in else Loops.</p><p>We&#x27;ll additionally talk about breaks that fit right into the syntax and structure of Python Loops.</p>

For Loops

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>There are certain powers Python developers have over lists.</p><p>For example, they could gain accesss to the elements of the given list, add elements if they wish and with the same prupose, change or remove list elements as well.</p><p>Thiss lesson covers the structure and syntax of the code that permits develoepers to gain accessibilty to lists and thus alter the contents.</p>

Working with Lists

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>Python offers three different types of numbers: integers, floating-point numbers and complex numbers.</p><p>This lesson aims at defining those three types in Python, providing their syntax and structural capbilities paired with their implentation in code.</p>

Numbers

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>This section will guide you to installing Python.</p><p>The super exciting process does in fact entail a bit of work with environment setup, Python IDLE (Integrated Development Environment), and other intricate things you should shift your attention towards. Luckily, we&#x27;ll show you where to look!</p>

Setup

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>This topic in question is a specific type of error we encounter in Python: Logical Errors (Exceptions).</p><p>We&#x27;ll be going over this type of error while simultaneously making a slight reference to Syntax Errors.</p><p>We&#x27;ll learn more about Python errors and how to catch them.</p>

Exceptions

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>This lesson expands on one of the four principles of Object Oriented Programming (OOP), while simultaneously covering the core OOP concept that Swift uses. That concept is called Inheritance.</p><p>Inheritance is a rudimentary behavior that distinguishes classes from other types in Python. We&#x27;ll bump into (and define) keywords such as subclassing and Multiple Inheritance.</p>

Inheritance

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>Functions in Python can also return a value. Python uses the return keyword to return a value. We&#x27;ll be referecing the sytax and structure of the return keyword paired with code examples to put thery to practice.</p><p>This lesson expands on how developers can use return values and functions to manipulate data.</p>

Return Values

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>We&#x27;ve already expanded on For Loops in Python, this lesson&#x27;s scope is While Loops.</p><p>A While Loop performs a set of statements until a condition becomes False.</p><p>This definition will be further elaborated on along with the variations of While Loops in Python.</p>

While Loops

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>Not unlike a list in Python, a tuple is a group of values represented as one.</p><p>This lesson aims at expanding on the simple yet crucial tuple data type and uncovering the code that takes to create tuples and access its elements.</p>

Tuples

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>In this lesson, we&#x27;ll be referencing Arithmetic Operators in Python. before rushing to the main topic of the lesson, we first introduce Operators in Python, define their usage, and hop back on track.</p><p>Arithmetic operators are used for performing mathematical operations. We&#x27;ll expand on that definition and add to it all throughout the lesson.</p>

Arithmetic Operators

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>In this lesson, we will be reflecting on a concept used in many programming languages, including Python: Comments.</p><p>Comments are non-executable text in code, meaning they are simply ignored by Python and can serve as anything, even as a simple reminder to the developer. We&#x27;ll thoroughly go over its syntax and further usage.</p>

Comments

Lesson Challenge

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>In this lesson, we&#x27;ll learn about method and property overriding in Python. </p><p>We&#x27;ll be diving deeper into the overriding method with supporting code examples and lesson quizzes that will put help put theory into practice.</p>

Overriding

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>Python defines dictionaries as a storage unit of associations between keys and values.</p><p>In this lesson, we&#x27;ll be defining and expanding on the dictionary that stores associations. When referencing a dictionary, we&#x27;ll need to simultaneously introduce the keyword key.</p><p>What makes a dictionary different from an array will be explained in the lesson.</p><p>We&#x27;ll also learn how to create a dictionary and thus gradually transition to accessing its values.</p>

Dictionaries

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>Assigning values to variables in Python is executed with the help of Assignment Operators.</p><p>We;ve referenced Operators and Arithmetic Operators in the past lesson, now it&#x27;s time to uncover this operator, its definition and usage in a thorough manner.</p>

Assignment Operators

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>This lesson assesses the simple, basic output in python, its syntax, and usage in code paired with a lesson quiz.</p>

Output

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>The main focus of the lesson is the String data type. Yet again, a data type that is widely known in most programming languages out there.</p><p>We&#x27;ll aim to represent this data type to its core. To do so we&#x27;ll be using code examples from standard Python applications and lesson quizzes that help put theory into practice.</p>

Strings

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>In order to convert between types, developers will need to use the type name as a function.</p><p>The question remains: Why would we want to convert between types? </p><p>That and many more answers will be provided in the lesson.</p>

Data Type Conversion

<h2>What does the lesson cover?</h2><p>As the name entails, Comparison operators are used for comparing values.</p><p>We&#x27;ll reference yet another Python operator: the Comparison operators, along with a list of all the comparison operators available in Python.</p><p>In this lesson, we&#x27;ll expand on the topic through individual referencing techniques and lesson quizzes.</p>

Comparison Operators

What is a class?

Classes are general-purpose, flexible constructs that become the building blocks of your program’s code.

Classes are a blueprint or a set of instructions to build a specific type of object.

You define properties and methods to add functionality to your classes using the same syntax you use to define variables, and functions.

Select Correct Answer

Declaring a class

<p>You can declare a class with a <strong>class </strong>keyword followed by the name of the class.</p>

<p>Here, we use the <strong><samp>class </samp></strong>keyword to define an empty class named <strong><samp>SomeClass</samp></strong>. From class, we construct instances. An instance is a specific object created from a particular class.</p>

Write Missing

<p>Declare a <strong><samp>class </samp></strong>named User.</p>

Object

An object or instance is an instantiation of a class.

<p>When class is defined, only the description for the object is defined. Therefore, no memory or storage is allocated. An example for the object of <strong><samp>SomeClass </samp></strong>class can be:</p>

<p>Create an instance of <strong><samp>Person </samp></strong>class.</p>

Adding properties and methods

<p>The classes can have properties and instance methods. Down below is an example of a class that has a <strong><samp>name </samp></strong>and <strong><samp>last_name</samp></strong> properties with <strong><samp>fullName()</samp></strong> method.</p>

Accessing Properties

<p>You can access the properties of an instance using <em>dot syntax</em>. In dot syntax, you write the property name immediately after the instance name, separated by a period ., without any spaces.</p>

<p>In this example, <strong><samp>position.x</samp></strong> refers to the name property of <strong>position </strong>and returns its default initial value.</p>

Fill Missing

<p>Create a variable named <strong><samp>area </samp></strong>which is a multiple of <strong><samp>Size </samp></strong>class <strong><samp>width </samp></strong>and <strong><samp>height </samp></strong>properties.</p>

Constructors

<p>Class functions that begin with double underscore <strong><samp><code>__</code> </samp></strong>are called special functions as they have special meaning.</p>

<p>Of one particular interest is the <samp><strong>__init__()</strong></samp> function. This special function gets called whenever a new object of that class is instantiated.</p>

This type of function is also called constructors in Object-Oriented-Programming (OOP). We normally use it to initialize all the variables.

<p>Constructors are called to create a new instance of a particular type. In its simplest form, a constructor is like an instance method with no parameters, written using the <samp><strong>__init__</strong></samp> keyword.</p>

<p>Create a constructor for the <strong><samp>Point </samp></strong>class.</p>

<h2>What does this section cover?</h2><p>This simple section serves as an introduction to the Python programming language on a surface level, with easy concepts and lesson quizzes.</p><p>Though relatively easy, the concepts we encounter in this lesson such as IDE, Comments, and Output are the fundaments of Python and require individual mentionings.</p>

Getting Started

<h2>What does this section cover.</h2><p>We&#x27;ve eased into slighly more complex Python concepts: data types and operators.</p><p>This lesson, expands on the the vairable and operator concept as a whole, since the two are widely used in many other programming languages. Thus, we quickly got back on track and jumped right into Python-specific qualities the two concepts hold.</p><p>This lesson discusses the Variable, Number, and String Data Types paired with the Arithmetic, Assignment, and Comparison Operators.</p>

Data Types & Operators

<h2>What does this section cover?</h2><p>This lesson focuses on the Collections Module in Python. The Collections Modules implements datatypes that serve as alternatives to the built-in Python containers, such as dictionaries, lists, and tuples.</p><p>We&#x27;ll be covering the mentioned data types thoroughly throughout the section.</p>

Collections

<h2>What does this section cover?</h2><p>Python offers a wide range of control flow statements. Control flow statements extend to if statements, for loops, and while loops.</p><p>In this section, we&#x27;ll be covering each one of the control flow statements present in Python while simultaneously comparing and contrasting them with each other to better understand what they have in common, their differences, and moreover, how to use them correctly.</p>

Control Flow

<h2>What does this section cover?</h2><p>This section takes on the topic of functions. Functions are widely known in various programming languages and Python is no exception.</p><p>That said, as presumed, function logic differs for each programming language and our focus today is on Python.</p><p>We&#x27;ll be introducing the basics of functions in Python, the logic they support, and how they act in code. Thus, we&#x27;ll be moving forward with function arguments and return values.</p>

Functions

<h2>What does this section cover?</h2><p>Object Oriented Programming (OOP) is the paradigm that&#x27;s dependent on classes and objects. </p><p>We&#x27;ll be scratching the surface of OOP and expanding on the four principles it offers. In further lessons, we&#x27;ll be defining the core concepts of OOP that we can find in Python. Hence, before that, it is strictly necessary to comprehend OOP is the three-lettered concept that almost all programming languages nowadays depend on, including Python.</p>

Object Oriented Programming

<h2>What does this section cover?</h2><p>This section covers the topic of files and directories in Python.</p><p>We&#x27;ll be talking about everything Python developers need to do to access and manipulate the said files they want by using specific functions to open, close, and change Python files.</p><p>Additionally, we&#x27;ll transition to errors, specifically Exception Errors in Python, and how to handle them.</p>

Python

Achievements

Declaring a class

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