<h2>Introduction to the course</h2><p>Swift integrates only the best bits of C for programming IOS, iPadOS, and macOS programming, and that just scratches the surface.</p><p>Swift is Apple&#x27;s creation in 2014 and serves as an easier and faster alternative to all C-based languages. Swift was released as a free, open-source programming language for native iOS development and operating systems like Linux and Windows.</p><h2>Who is this course for?</h2><p>If developers are looking to maintain mobile and desktop applications of Apple’s devices, Swift is the first choice. That said, an additional benefit of Swift is that it was created to make writing programs easier.</p>

Swift

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>Memory Management is an important process in Swift and in a myriad of programming languages. It&#x27;s the process of controlling and coordinating the way apps access computer memory. Our focus will be on the three different approaches of memory management, specifically ARC, and the workd of ARC in Swift.</p>

Reference count

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>The focal point of this lesson is the generic code concept. Generic code enables you to write flexible, reusable functions and types that can work with any type, subject to the requirements that you define.</p><p>We&#x27;ll be providing supporting code examples inspired by standard code in Swift paired with lesson quizzes to help digest the lesson to its core.</p>

Basics

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>Protocols identify a blueprint of properties and further requirements that correlate with a specific task. This lesson serves as an introduction to protocols in Swift.</p><p>We&#x27;ll be depicting the works of protocols in Swift and how to correctly implement them and use them to your advantage with property requirements and method requirements.</p>

Introduction

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>This lesson expands on Object Oriented Programming or OOP for short which most programming languages, including Swift, lean on.</p><p>We&#x27;ll thus focus on the four principles of OOP which are the absolute essentials to becoming a strong programmer.</p><p>In further lessons, we&#x27;ll start to slowly ease into the core concepts of OOP that Swift takes on.</p>

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>In this lesson we&#x27;ll be covering Swift classes, which are commonly considered the building  blocks of any program. The main purpose of classes is building a specific object type. </p><p>This abrstract definition privided will be further elaborated on in this lesson. </p><p>After expanding on the theory of classes a little more, we&#x27;ll practice declaring a class, adding properties and methods, and finally, accessing properties.</p>

Classes

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>Functions are heavily used in a myriad of programming languages, including Swift. Of course, Swift has its specific way of dealing with functions and has its unique logic that is associated with their usage (implementation in code).</p><p>In this lesson, we&#x27;ll be creating functions in Swift.</p>

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>You&#x27;ll eventually need to implememnt conditional branches in your code. Swift provied two methods if and switch, our focus as of now will be directed at the if statement for conditional branches.</p><p>if statements aditionally provide a set of statements know as the else clause which we will refer to in depth with its syntax and structure. </p><p>Other than if-else, we&#x27;ll talk about the keyword let and define if let in code as well.</p>

If statements

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>Arrays are a collection of similar data elements kept in bordering memory locations.</p><p>Arrays are a widely used concept in programming languages, not unlike Swift.</p><p>In this lesson, we&#x27;ll be focusing on arrays and how they behave with Swift. To do so, we&#x27;ll look into their syntax and logic as portrayed in multiple code examples present in the lesson.</p>

Arrays

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>This lesson is a reference to a concept that has a wide presence in programming languages– variables.</p><p>Swift variables require their own specific syntax and structural representation. We&#x27;ll expand on the purpose of Swift variables, creating Swift variables, Basic output, Print messages, and Comments. Yet again, concepts that are present in other programming languages, yet vary in logic and structure.</p>

Variables

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>In this lesson, we&#x27;ll be briefly covering the history behind Swift and its creation.</p><p>We&#x27;ll thus expand on the features that make Swift worth your while. The main feature is the open-source nature of Swift.</p>

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>A strong reference prevents the class instance it points to from being deallocated and that introduces a memory leak. </p><p>This lesson expands on reatins cycles the incorporation of retain cycles  in code. With the help of lesson quizzes we&#x27;ll further digest the topic of retain cycles in Swift.</p>

Retain cycles

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>The structure of this lesson differs from past lesson structures as it consists of two parts, the problem, and the solution.</p><p>The solution, without a doubt, is the usage, and implementation of Generic Functions in your application.</p><p>Most developers fail to correctly comprehend the efficiency factor of Generic Functions in Swift, therefore, the lesson tends to focus on just that.</p><p>We&#x27;ll also go through a simple lesson quiz on the topic to put our newly acquired knowledge to practice.</p>

Generic functions

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>There are many ways to implement protocols in Swift, they are usually adopted by classes, structs and enums.</p><p>This lesson will refer to to those methods and the unique structures and logic they represent individually.</p><p>We&#x27;ll also refer to protocol extentions as a concept mainly used when adding protocol conformance to a model.</p>

Implementing protocols

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>This lesson expands on one of the four principles of Object Oriented Programming (OOP), while simultaneously covering the core OOP concept that Swift uses. That concept is called Inheritance.</p><p>Inheritance is a rudimentary behavior that distinguishes classes from other types in Swift. We&#x27;ll bump into (and define) keywords such as subclasses, superclasses, and as presumed, inherit.</p>

Inheritance

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>Structures, structs for short, have the same, basic syntax as classes. We&#x27;ll be defining the term in-depth and understanding the usage of the name type in Swift.</p><p>Though similar to the syntax of classes, we&#x27;ll be referring to structure syntax and the logic it supports.</p><p>Additionally, we&#x27;ll compare and contrast classes and structs to distinctly understand when and where to use the two.</p>

Structs

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>Now that we know how to create Swift functions we&#x27;ll be getting into the input the functions take on.</p><p>The said input is called parameters and every function can potentially take them on. This lesson expands on the syntax of function parameters, the differences between parameters and arguments, and most importantly, their implementation in code.</p><p>Returning values and default values will also be expanded upon.</p>

Function arguments

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>Swift includes several range operators, which are shortcuts for expressing a range of values.</p><p>This lesson expands on ranges with the help of corresponding syntax structures and supporting code examples.</p><p>We&#x27;ll also introduce the closed range operator and the half-open range operator in Swift.</p>

Ranges

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>This lesson will introduce developers to the process of accesing falues, adding elements and removing elements, while learning unfamilliar concepts concepts such as first and last values, subscript syntax, the append() method, the insert() methods and everything else there is to know about value accessing in Swift.</p>

Accessing elements

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>This lesson is an homage to variables and a concept that&#x27;s associated with them in Swift that goes by mutability.</p><p>Swift variables can be mutable and immutable, this lesson covers the difference between the two types, along with their structure and syntax differences clearly present in Swift code.</p>

Mutability

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>We&#x27;ll be referencing Xcode,  an Integrated Development Environment.</p><p>Xcode&#x27;s usage will be elaborated upon alongside its features and benefits.</p><p>Xcode is one of the fundamental concepts used in Swift and we&#x27;ll tell you why, alongside how to get a hold of Xcode.</p>

Xcode

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>Strong reference cycles can be resolved byusing two methods, and thos two methods are the focus of this lesson.</p><p>The most used and effiicent method of the two is the weak reference in Swift.</p><p>This lesson aims at expanding on the concept of weak references, their structural charectersitics, and implementation in code.</p>

Weak reference

Lesson Challenge

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>One of the many similarities that properties and classes have in common is the inheritance characteristic. This helps protocols form hierarchies.</p><p>More about protocol inheritance can be easily found in this lesson, with supporting code snippets that cover the syntax and logic of implementing protocol inheritance in Swift and taking advantage of the essential benefits it offers.</p>

Protocol inheritance

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>In this lesson, we&#x27;ll learn about method and property overriding in Swift. The override func is a requirement in Swift and one doesn&#x27;t&#x27; simply override a method with func. </p><p>We&#x27;ll be diving deeper into the overriding method with supporting code examples and lesson quizzes that will put help put theory into practice.</p>

Overrides

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>In this lesson, we&#x27;ll be covering yet another core concept of Swift called computed properties. Unlike most of our previously covered concepts, computed properties do not store actual values.</p><p>Then why do we use them you might ask, the answer to that question is extensively covered.</p><p>Additionally, we&#x27;ll get acquainted with the implementation of computed properties in code, their logic structure, etc.</p><p>Our focus will thus shift to lazy properties and their usage in Swift.</p>

Properties

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>The concept of Closures in Swift can be described as self-contained blocks of functionality. Of course, that simple sentence isn&#x27;t enough to understand the essence of Closures, but, in this lesson, we&#x27;ll be diving deep into how they&#x27;re used in code.</p><p>We&#x27;ll also practice creating closures and closures as parameters. These concepts will each bring forth a property of Closures that are each supported with lesson quizzes and code examples.</p>

Closures

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>As of now, we&#x27;ll be dealing with higher-order functions in Swift.</p><p>Some of the functions that we&#x27;ll talk about are the map function, the compactMap function, the flatMap function, the reduce function, the filter function, the contains function, the sorted function, the forEach function, and the removeAll function.</p><p>By talk about, we mean provide in-depth code examples paired with individualized lesson quizzes for each higher-order Swift function.</p>

Higher order functions

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>Loops allow developers to describe repetetive processes. In this lesson, we&#x27;ll talk about the different types of loops (for-in loops, while loops, repeat-while loops) and how they fit into Swift.</p><p>Loops are commonly associated with the break statement that stops the execution of the loop, this lesson will expand on the syntax of the said statement with the help of code examples and lesson quizzes.</p>

Iterations

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>Integers of Ints are a representation of whole numbers. This lesson will expand on the basic and standard syntax of ints and the two types that they come in.</p><p>We&#x27;ll also expand further on int concepts such as int Bounds, Operations, and Assignment operators.</p><p>Each of these concepts presents its own individual logic which is clearly visible in code, therefore the lesson is equipt with various descriptive code snippets and lesson quizzes that help digest the knowledge on Swift integers.</p>

Integers

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>Testing your code written in Swift dictates the usage of the Swift Playground.</p><p>In this lesson we&#x27;ll be reffering to its usgae and exapnd on its myriad of benefits. Though Swift layground doesn&#x27;t allow to build real apps, you&#x27;ll be able to play around with a whole lot of features.</p><p>Another concept we&#x27;ll concetrate upon is the Swift Code Editor, its usage and structure.</p>

Swift Playground

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>The Initialization process is yet another core OOP concept that is incorporated into Swift logic.</p><p>In this lesson, we&#x27;ll be defining Initializers, thus implementing them in code.  In its most straightforward form, an initializer is not unlike an instance method without the parameters.</p><p>Further syntax and structural information will be provided as well before introducing a type of initializer called a failable initializer.</p>

Initializers

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>This lesson is dedicated to Instance Methods in Swift.</p><p>Instance methods are functions that belong to instances of a particular class, structure, or enumeration.</p><p>This abstract definition requires detail and further specification which we&#x27;ll be getting into soon.</p><p>We&#x27;ll provide code examples from standard Swift code that depict the concept of Instance Methods in Swift as well.</p><p>Additionally, expansions on how to Modifying Value Types from Within Instance Methods, Type Methods, and the Self Property can also be found.</p>

Methods

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>In this lesson, we&#x27;ll steer the focus to the switch statement.</p><p>The switch statement offers multiple layers to its use, we&#x27;ll be addressing all of them in this lesson.  </p><p>The switch statement serves as both an alternative to the if statements and as a combo with Enums, as Enums are a set of values that would require loads of if-else statements.</p><p>The main purpose of the switch statement is to simplify coding for developers.</p>

Switch statements

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>In this lesson, we&#x27;ll be defining and expanding on the dictionary that stores associations. When referencing a dictionary, we&#x27;ll need to simultaneously introduce the keyword key.</p><p>What makes a dictionary different from an array will be explained in the lesson.</p><p>We&#x27;ll also learn how to create a dictionary and thus gradually transition to accessing its values.</p>

Dictionaries

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>Texts in Swift are represented with a data type known as Strings.</p><p>This lesson represents the usage of Strings with the additional benefits that Swift offers when working with the data type. An example would be that Swift supports UTF-8, meaning, Swift also supports all Unicode characters including emojis.</p>

Strings

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>Identifying the behaviour of protocols themselves saves a lot of time and resourses down the rode for Swift developers.</p><p>This lesson extends that theory with practical examples of Protocol Extensitions and Default Implementations.</p><p>For the further development of these concepts the lesson provides lesson quizzes that support the topics with hands-on exercises for a better understanding of the subject at hand.</p>

Protocol Extensions

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>We&#x27;ve talked about Initializers in Swift and now it&#x27;s time to expand on deinitializers, which are a relatively easy concept to get a hang of.</p><p>Nonetheless, in this lesson, we&#x27;ve provided a detailed definition of a Swift deinitializer, paired with code examples from standard applications and supporting lesson quizzes that help understand the topic at hand better.</p>

Deinitializers

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>This lesson expands on how to add additional functionality to a new or existing class, structure, enumeration, or protocol type.</p><p>This entails an introduction to a new concept that goes by Extensions.</p><p>Extensions in Swift can do way more for your application than we&#x27;ve described. We&#x27;ll be expanding on its syntax and abilities in depth through code snippets, and lesson quizzes.</p>

Extensions

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>A Set stores distinct values of the same type in a collection with no defined ordering.</p><p>We&#x27;ll be defining the syntax of sets and how they work in Swift applications.</p><p>Altering sets is standard practice in all programming languages, thus we&#x27;ll be covering how to access and thus modify a set. </p><p>We&#x27;ll also be expanding on the various methods that conduct set operations, methods like symmetricDifference(_:), union(_:), subtracting(_:), and others.</p>

Sets

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>Floating-point numbers are numbers with a fractional component. This lesson is an homage to floating-point numbers, their syntax, structure, logic, implementation in code, and core concepts associated with floating-point numbers in Swift.</p><p>By core concepts, we mean declaring Doubles and Floats and Converting numbers.</p>

Floating Numbers

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>It&#x27;s time to reference yet another data type present in Swift, Boolean or Bool for short. </p><p>Boolean takes on two values and we&#x27;ll be describing them, and their syntax in various code snippets you&#x27;ll meet in the lesson.</p><p>We&#x27;ll also be referencing the methods associated with Bool in Swift such ass Flipping Bool. Thus, in-depth referencing will be provided on Comparison Operators and Logical Operators.</p>

Bool

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>A tuple is a group of different values represented as one. This concept will be further elaborated upon with code examples, logic explanations, and lesson quizzes.</p><p>We&#x27;ll be learning how to declare a tuple in Swift, and access its values.</p>

Tuples

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>Let&#x27;s talk about the data type called enumeration of Enum for short which consists of a set of related values.</p><p>In this lesson, we&#x27;ll be expanding on the structure and logic characteristics of Swift Enums by simultaneously introducing a concept widely used in Swift called Raw Values.</p>

Enums

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>The Swift data type optional can hold either a value or no value.</p><p>In this lesson, we&#x27;ll be talking about the syntax of optional, its structural characteristics, and supporting logic as a Swift data type. </p><p>We&#x27;ll also be focusing on how to check nil state and unwrap optionals in Swift.</p>

Optionals

What is a Bool?

<p>Swift has a data type called <strong><samp>Bool</samp></strong>, which is short for <strong>Boolean</strong>, after George Boole who invented an entire field of mathematics around the concept of true and false.</p>

<p>Bools can have either <strong><samp>true </samp></strong>or <strong><samp>false </samp></strong>values. This simple concept  is depicted in the code example below:</p>

Fill Missing

<p>Declare variable <strong>orangesAreOrange</strong> with <strong><samp>true </samp></strong>value.</p>

<p>Declare variable <strong>turnipsAreDelicious </strong>with <strong><samp>false </samp></strong>value.</p>

Flipping Bool

<p>Swift’s booleans have a <strong><samp>toggle() </samp></strong>method that flips them between true and false.</p>

<p>As you can see in the code snippet above, the initial value of the <strong><samp>isNew </samp></strong>variable is <strong><samp>false </samp></strong>and with the <strong><samp>toggle() </samp></strong>method, we&#x27;ve converted it to <strong><samp>true</samp></strong>. </p>

Select Correct Answer

Comparison Operators

<p><strong>Comparison Operators</strong> allow developers to compare two values. Each of the comparison operators returns a Bool value to indicate whether or not the statement is true. Swift supports the following types of comparison operators:</p>

<p><strong><samp>==</samp></strong> equal to</p>

<p><strong><samp>!=</samp></strong> not equal to</p>

<p><strong><samp>&gt; </samp></strong>greater than</p>

<p><strong><samp>&gt;=</samp></strong> greater than or equal to</p>

<p><strong><samp>&lt;=</samp></strong> less than or equal to</p>

Write Missing

<p>Write missing comparison operator so that <strong>isCountGreaterThanFour</strong> constant is <strong><samp>true</samp></strong></p>

Logical Operators

<p><strong>Logical Operators</strong> are used with Boolean (logical) values and return a Boolean value. It is mainly used to control program flow with if-else, while, or some other control statement.</p>

<p><strong><samp>|| </samp></strong>Logical-OR; true if either of the boolean expression is true</p>

<p><strong><samp>&amp;&amp;</samp></strong> Logical-AND; true if all boolean expressions are true</p>

<h2>What does this section cover?</h2><p>We&#x27;ll be scratching the surface of Swift by itroducing its history and importance in the programming world.</p><p>We&#x27;ll thus refer to some fundamentals of Swift that developers should know about before jumping in. We prefer to Xcpde, the Swift Playground, Code editor, etc.</p>

Start Here

<h2>What does this section cover?</h2><p>This section serves as a detailed introduction to Swift data types, their structural differences, logic characteristics, and implementations in Swift code.</p><p>We&#x27;ll be differentiating between the variables, the mutability of variables, the integer data type, the String data types, Floating Numbers, the Boolean data types, tuples, Enums, and Optionals.</p>

The Basics

<h2>What does this section cover?</h2><p>Swift offers three preparatory collection types, they go by arrays, sets, and dictionaries, which are utilized for storing collections of values.</p><p>In this section, we&#x27;ll be referencing each and every collection type and digesting them to their core.</p><p>With the help of lesson quizzes, code snippets from standard applications, and depicting images, we&#x27;ll better digest the topic and understands its importance and usage more efficiently.</p>

Collections

<h2>What does this section cover?</h2><p>Swift offers a wide range of control flow statements. Control flow statements extend to if statements, ranges, and switch statements.</p><p>In this section, we&#x27;ll be covering each one of the control flow statements present in Swift while simultaneously comparing and contrasting them with each other to better understand what they have in common, their differences, and moreover, how to use them correctly.</p>

Control Flow

<h2>What does this section cover?</h2><p>This section takes on the topic of functions. Functions are widely known in various programming languages and Swift is no exception.</p><p>That said, as presumed, function logic differs for each programming language and our focus today is on Swift.</p><p>We&#x27;ll be introducing the basics of Swift functions, the logic they support, and how they act in code. Thus, we&#x27;ll be moving forward with function arguments and closures.</p>

Functions

<h2>What does this section cover?</h2><p>This section serves as a logical introduction to the building blocks of Swift that entail the overall structure of applications, and how each detail is constructed.</p><p>We&#x27;ll be starting off with classes that build object types, we&#x27;ll thus transition structures that may seem similar to classes at first glance, but we&#x27;ll be smashing that forethought in one of our lessons. Afterwards, we&#x27;ll gradually move on to properties, methods, an extensions.</p>

Custom types

<h2>What does this lesson cover?</h2><p>Object Oriented Programming (OOP) is the paradigm that&#x27;s dependent on classes and objects. </p><p>We&#x27;ll be scratching the surface of OOP and expanding on the four principles it offers. In further lessons, we&#x27;ll be defining the core concepts of OOP that we can find in Swift. Hence, before that, it is strictly necessary to comprehend OOP is the three-lettered concept that almost all programming languages nowadays depend on, including Swift.</p>

Object Oriented Programming

<h2>What does this section cover?</h2><p>The focal point of this section is protocols in Swift. We start off by scratching the surface of protocols and their global usage paired with theory. Shortly afterward we&#x27;ll make a transition to putting that theory into practice and implementing protocols in Swift, thus, identifying everything Swift protocols offer including inheritance and extensions. this transition is supported by lesson quizzes and code examples that portray the concepts further and add practicality to the section as a whole.</p>

Protocols

<h2>What does this section cover?</h2><p>The focal point of this section are the generic code and generic function concepts. we&#x27;ll be defining and referring to the perks of Generic code and the benefits of Generic functions individually with supported code examples and lesson quizzes.</p><p>Furthermore, we&#x27;ll test out the problem-solution approach in the lesson where we represent the problem and the solution Generic functions proposes. Thus, representing the importance of the concept with an extra layer of depth. </p>

Generics

<h2>What does this section cover?</h2><p>Memory Management is a focal point of this section, in fact, Memory Management requires the dynamic allocation of memory portions to programs at their request, and frees ut up when no longer needed.</p><p>In this section, we&#x27;ll dive into Swift memory management.</p>

Overview

What is a Bool?

Flipping Bool

Comparison Operators

Logical Operators